Introduction
The story of Alexander the Great, referred to as Ẕū ʾl-Qarnain (“He of the Two Horns”), is a fascinating anecdote within the Islamic holy book, the Qurʾān. Appearing in Surah Al-Kahf (18:82), Ẕū ʾl-Qarnain is portrayed as a powerful ruler with a divine mission. Although his identity remains a subject of debate among scholars, this figure intriguingly bridges the worlds of history, myth, and theology.
Comprehensive Definition
Ẕū ʾl-Qarnain: A title that translates to “He of the Two Horns.” In the context of the Qurʾān, it refers to a historical or semi-mythical figure identified by some as Alexander the Great, noted for embarking on journeys to the ends of the Earth and endowed with divine power and purpose.
Etymology
The term Ẕū ʾl-Qarnain derives from Arabic:
- Ẕū: meaning “possessor” or “owner of”
- ʾl-Qarnain: translates as “two horns,” which is a possible allusion to the distinctive horned helmet Alexander the Great wore, symbolizing strength and dominion.
Background
Historical and Qurʾānic Perspectives: The Islamic text depicts Ẕū ʾl-Qarnain as a just king who travels to the western and eastern extremities of the Earth, where he performs righteous deeds and establishes order. Historically, Alexander the Great (356–323 BC) was a Macedonian ruler revered for his immense empire and mythic persona, attributes that closely align with the description in the Qurʾān.
Theological Debate: Islamic commentators have grappled with the crucial question of whether Ẕū ʾl-Qarnain should be recognized as a Prophet. While it’s clear he was divinely appointed in his actions and missions, his exact status remains ambiguous.
Cultural Differences and Similarities
Islamic Views: In Islamic culture, Ẕū ʾl-Qarnain is often perceived as a righteous worldly king whose endeavors favor divine guidance. Unlike typical prophets, his story emphasizes political and territorial conquests tinged with a moral dimension.
Hellenistic Views: For the Greeks and in Western tradition, Alexander the Great is primarily an undefeated military genius who significantly influenced both East and West through his conquests. His quasi-divine status is more often related to the spread of Hellenistic culture and less about his moral or divine missions.
Synonyms and Antonyms
Synonyms:
- Alexander the Great
- Iskandar (Persian and Arabic name for Alexander)
- The Horned King
Antonyms:
- Unrighteous ruler
- Ignoble king
- Hesitant leader
Related Terms with Definitions
- Surah: Chapter of the Qurʾān.
- Prophet: A messenger chosen by God to guide humanity.
- Eschatology: Study of the end times or final events in human history.
Exciting Facts
- Cultural Fusion: Alexander’s interactions with the Persian and Indian worlds during his conquests led to the cross-fertilization of cultural and scientific knowledge, which immensely contributed to the Hellenistic period.
- Historical Discrepancy: There remains no absolute confirmation that Ẕū ʾl-Qarnain is indeed Alexander the Great, leading to many cultural interpretations.
Quotations from Notable Writers
- “Verily, We established him upon the earth, and We gave him the means of everything.” — The Qurʾān, Surah Al-Kahf (18:84)
References for Further Study
- “Alexander the Great in the Qurʾān” by A.S. Yahya, Islamic Studies Journal, 2010.
- “Prophets in the Qurʾān and Bible” by R.A. Mitchell, Comparative Religion Studies, 2015.
- “Hellenistic Culture and Islam” by Ebrahim Moosa, Historical Religious Studies, 2001.
Suggested Literature for Inspiration
- “The Legacy of Alexander the Great” by N.G.L. Hammond
- “The Qurʾān and its Exegesis” by Helmut Gätje
- “Islam and the West: Making of an Image” by Norman Daniel
Quizzes
In conclusion, the narrative of Ẕū ʾl-Qarnain embodies a rich tapestry that intertwines historical grandeur with divine wisdom, igniting contemplation for ages. To see the perception of such influential figures through Islamic eyes cultivates a broader appreciation for the melding of human history and divine mystery.
Until next time, may your journey through the sands of history and streams of theology be ever enlightening.
- Azizah Karim, October 2023
