Crucifixion in Islamic Theology and Law
Comprehensive Definition
Crucifixion in Islam is twofold: It involves discussions around the event of the purported crucifixion of Jesus Christ and the legal use of crucifixion as a form of punishment.
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Theological Aspect: According to Islamic teachings, the crucifixion of Jesus Christ (ʿĪsā) is denied. The Qurʾān asserts that Jesus was not crucified, nor killed, but it appeared so to the people. Instead, Jesus was elevated alive to Heaven by God.
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Legal Aspect: Crucifixion in Islamic jurisprudence is sanctioned as a punitive measure for severe crimes, particularly for highway robbers who commit murder and looting.
Etymology
The term “crucifixion” is derived from the Latin word “crucifixus,” meaning “fixed to a cross.” In Arabic, the term is “صَلْب” (Salb), directly referring to being affixed or bound to a cross or similar structure.
Background
The Qurʾān references the event surrounding Jesus’s crucifixion in Surah An-Nisa (4:157-158), stating that Jesus was neither killed nor crucified but rather it was made to appear so to his persecutors.
In Islamic law, crucifixion is mentioned in Surah Al-Ma’idah (5:33) as a punishment for those who transgress against the community through highway robbery (Hirabah) and corruption.
Cultural Differences and Similarities
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Differences:
- Christianity: Central to Christian theology, the crucifixion of Jesus Christ is a cornerstone event representing his sacrifice for humanity’s redemption.
- Islam: Jesus’s crucifixion is denied; instead, it is considered a deception and a test of humanity’s faith.
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Similarities:
- Both religions recognize Jesus as a significant figure.
- Crucifixion as a form of punishment for grave crimes exists in various ancient legal systems, including Roman law.
Synonyms and Antonyms
- Synonyms: Execution, Punishment, Penalty
- Antonyms: Amnesty, Pardon, Mercy
Related Terms
- Jesus Christ (ʿĪsā): In Islam, Jesus is a revered prophet, whose crucifixion is denied.
- Qurʾān: The holy book of Islam, which outlines theological and legal aspects of crucifixion.
- Hirabah: Violent crime or banditry in Islamic law, punishable by crucifixion.
Exciting Facts
- Christians commemorate Jesus’s crucifixion on Good Friday.
- The practice of crucifixion was not uncommon in pre-Islamic Arabia and the Roman Empire.
- The Qur’anic narrative aims to elevate Jesus’s status by denying his execution, preserving his prophetic dignity.
Quotations from Notable Writers
- “They did not kill him, nor did they crucify him, but it was made to appear so to them.” - The Qurʾān, Surah An-Nisa 4:157.
- “Crucifixion holds a central place in Christianity as the means of human salvation while being rejected in Islam for the preservation of Jesus’s honor.” - Yahiya Emerick.
References and Suggested Literature
- “The Holy Qur’an: Text, Translation and Commentary” by Abdullah Yusuf Ali.
- “Jesus in the Quran” by Geoffrey Parrinder.
- “The Crucifixion: Fact and Faith” by Maurice Casey.
- “The Islamic Penal System and its Relevance in Modern Times” by Paul Hughes.
- “Biblical Figures in the Islamic Faith” by Richard Cassels.
Inspiring, Thought-Provoking Farewell
In the diverse fabric of religious beliefs, understanding and respecting differing interpretations of pivotal events like the crucifixion can bridge gaps and pave the way for more profound interfaith dialogue. As we delve deep into these theological discourses, may wisdom and empathy guide us on our quest for knowledge and understanding.
