🕌 Enfranchisement in an Orthodox Muḥammadan State

Definition and Etymology

Enfranchisement in an orthodox Muḥammadan (Islamic) state traditionally refers to the granting of certain civil rights and privileges, typically those who formally embrace the Muslim faith.

• Etymology: The term derives from the Old French “enfranchir” meaning “to free,” combining “en-” (make) and “franc” (free).

Background and Historical Context

In an orthodox Islamic society, civil enfranchisement was often a multifaceted matter. Apart from becoming part of the Muslim community, non-Muslims—referred to as Ẕimmīs—had specific roles and responsibilities:

• Poll Tax (Jizyah): Non-Muslim residents were required to pay the jizyah. This tax provided that they abstained from military service, establishing a contract of security (amān) under Islamic rule.

• Distinctive Dress and Residential Areas: Non-Muslims were also expected to wear distinctive dresses and reside in designated areas within cities or villages.

• Freedom for Enslaved Converts: Slaves who converted to Islam did not automatically earn enfranchisement, unless their master was non-Muslim.

Cultural Differences and Similarities

Across different Islamic dynasties and regions, the application of these principles varied but generally adhered to the principle of protective responsibility (dhimmah):

• Differences: Various periods saw differences in enforcement severity. For instance, under Ottoman rule, the Millet system allowed for a certain degree of autonomy for different religious communities.

• Similarities: The common thread was the principle of protecting Ẕimmīs in exchange for their compliance with the laws, including the jizyah and their status within the societal hierarchy.

Synonyms and Antonyms

• Synonyms: Civic rights, emancipation.
• Antonyms: Disenfranchisement, subjugation.

Related Terms

• Amān: A security contract or guarantee of protection given to non-Muslims.

• Jizyah: Poll tax paid by non-Muslims.

• Ẕimmī: Non-Muslim residents under Islamic rule who have accepted the status and stipulations delineated.

Exciting Facts

• Evidentiary Restrictions: In historical Islamic courts, Ẕimmīs could not testify against Muslims.

• Influences on Modern Law: Some modern principles of minority protection in Islamic countries derive roots from these early practices.

Quotations

“The dhimmah contract extends a safety umbrella to non-Muslims while ensuring their social stratification does not engulf the rights of the believing community.” - Ibn Khaldun

References and Literature Suggestions

• Books:
  • “The History of The Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade” by Susan Wise Bauer
  • “The Muqaddimah” by Ibn Khaldun
• Articles:
  • “Jizyah within the Maddhab of Malik” by Jonathan Brockopp
  • “Religious Minorities under Islamic Law and the Limits of Dharma” by Reza Aslan

Farewell Thought: The past often provides a mirror to understand our present, offering valuable lessons in coexistence and the complexities of civil rights. Explore, learn, and get inspired to create a harmonious society.

— Hafsa Al-Mansur, October 3, 2023