Overview§
The question of infant salvation in Islam is a nuanced and deeply discussed topic among Islamic scholars. This issue mainly revolves around the fate of children dying before reaching the age of moral responsibility (known as “Takleef”). Scholars have approached this subject from various angles, reflecting their interpretations of the Qurʾān, Hadith, and theological principles.
Etymology§
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Takleef (تكليف): An Arabic term that implies the state or period during which a Muslim is morally responsible and accountable for their actions.
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Mushrikūn (مُشْرِكُون): The term refers to those who practice shirk, associating partners with God, which is considered a grave sin in Islam.
Background§
The discussions on infant salvation can be traced back to early Islamic scholarship, arising from the responsibilities and moral standings accorded upon reaching a certain age.
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Abū Ḥanīfah (699-767): Founder of the Hanafi school of thought. He was cautious to give a definitive answer regarding the fate of infants of mushrikūn.
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Ibn al-Humām (1389-1457): A significant scholar in the Hanafi School who elaborated that there was a lack of consensus on these questions among the learned, implying theological uncertainty.
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Imām Nawawī (1233-1277): Recognized as one of the great commentators of Hadith. Provided varying perspectives on the matter, asserting that there are three principal views, ranging from entrance to Hell, no determination, and entrance to Paradise, favoring the latter based on inherent innocence and divine fairness.
Cultural Differences and Similarities§
Islamic scholarship does not operate in isolation but interacts with theology and philosophies across other Abrahamic religions, also contemplating the innocence and fate of children.
- Christianity: Certain denominations believe in the concept of Limbo for unbaptized infants, but this has evolved with modern theology leaning towards God’s mercy.
- Judaism: Infants are regarded with innocence, and their fate is often considered within the realm of divine benevolence, not rigidly structured.
Synonyms and Antonyms§
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Synonyms:
- Innocence
- Pardoning
- Redemption
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Antonyms:
- Condemnation
- Damnation
Related Terms with Definitions§
- Takleef: Responsibility and accountability in Islamic jurisprudence.
- Qiyamah: The Day of Judgment in Islam where all souls will be resurrected and judged.
- Rahmah: Mercy; an essential attribute of God in Islam.
- Fitrah: Innate purity and inclination towards God present at birth.
Exciting Facts§
- Qur’anic View: The Qurʾān mentions the inherent purity of every human soul at birth in Surah Al-A’raf (7:172).
- Prophetic Traditions: The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is reported to have said, “Every child is born upon the fitrah…” suggesting each child is born pure and innocent.
Quotations from Notable Writers§
- Imām Nawawī: “The majority of scholars lean towards the belief that all children, regardless of the faith of their parents, are destined for Paradise due to their inherent purity and absence of sin.”
Academic References for Further Studies§
- Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, commentary by Imam Nawawī.
- Durru’l-Mukhtar by Muhammad Amin ibn Abidin.
- Works of Ibn al-Humām, discussions on Islamic eschatology.
Recommended Literature§
- “Islamic Theology: Traditionalism and Rationalism” by Sabine Schmidtke
- “Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions” by Christian Lange
- “Muslim Theology: A Study of Origins with Reference to the Church Fathers” by Omar Faruq Abdullah
Thought-Provoking Farewell§
May our journey through these profound questions remind us of the vastness of divine mercy and the continuous searching for wisdom and understanding. Together, let’s remain humble in the face of life’s deepest mysteries and steadfast in the pursuit of knowledge.
In knowledge, we find peace.
— Nasir Al-Khalid
