Definition
Akhbaris are adherents of a Twelfth-century Twelver Shii school of thought in Iran. This school emphasizes the literal interpretation of the Quran and hadith of both the Prophet Muhammad and the Twelve Imams as supreme sources of religious authority. Akhbaris restrict the interpretative power of individual scholars and reject the practice of ijtihad (independent reasoning), asserting that the religious texts themselves provide all necessary guidance. This contrasts sharply with the Usuli school, which allows for interpretative efforts by trained jurists (mujtahids).
Etymology and Background
The term Akhbari is derived from the Arabic word “أخبار” (akhbār), meaning “news” or “reports.” In this context, it refers to the sayings and practices (hadith) that Akhbaris argue should be interpreted literally rather than subjected to individual reasoning or innovation.
Historical Context and Dates
Akhbarism became notably significant during the 12th century, primarily within Shii holy cities like Najaf, Qom, and Mashhad. The Akhbari viewpoint dominated Shia intellectual circles until it faced significant opposition from the Usuli school in the 17th century.
Cultural Differences and Similarities
Differences:
- Authority: Akhbaris restrict the authority of individual clerics and scholars in interpreting religious texts, relying strictly on the canonical hadith and the Quran. Usulis, on the other hand, permit learned jurists to use independent reasoning.
- Ijtihad: Akhbaris denounce ijtihad as an unsound practice, whereas Usulis regard it as essential for adapting Islamic law to new circumstances.
- Role of Mujtahid: Akhbaris deny the role of mujtahids, whereas Usulis elevate it.
Similarities:
- Both schools operate within the Twelver Shii tradition and aim to preserve the core tenets of Shia Islam.
- Emphasis on the Quran and hadith as the main sources of religious guidance.
Synonyms
- Literalists
- Orthodox Shias (in specific contexts)
Antonyms
- Usulis
- Reformists
- Ijtihadists
Related Terms
- Ijtihad (اجتهاد): The process of making a legal decision by independent interpretation of the legal sources, notably the Quran and Hadith.
- Mujtahid (مجتهد): A scholar competent in making such independent legal decisions.
- Usulis: Adherents of a rival Shia school allowing for significant interpretative authority granted to trained jurists.
Exciting Facts
- The debate between Akhbaris and Usulis shaped the foundation of modern Shia jurisprudence.
- Akhbaris believe that during the occultation of the Imam Mahdi, only the hadith and Quran should guide Shia Muslims.
Quotations
“The hearts are treasuries of beliefs; the tongues are keys; while lips, when needed, are the keepers.” — Imam Ali
Recommendations for Further Study
- Books:
- “The Doctrine of an Imam” by Ayatollah Ali Shariati
- “The Origins of the Akhbari-Usuli Divide in Twelver Shia Islam” by Robert Gleave
- Articles:
- “Akhbari Rise of Ascendancy and Influence in Shii Islam” in the “Journal of Islamic Studies”
Translations
- Arabic: أخباريون
- Persian: اخباری
Thought-Provoking Farewell
May the pursuit of knowledge illuminate your path, as understanding tradition shapes our future dialogues.
