Overview
Alexander the Great (d. 334 B.C.E.), known in Arabic as al-Iskandar, was a Macedonian ruler renowned for his unprecedented conquests that reshaped the ancient world. Historically significant for his military prowess and strategic genius, Alexander is also intertwined with Islamic tradition. Many scholars and traditions identify him with Dhu al-Qarnayn (“the two-horned”), a figure mentioned in the Qur’an (Surah Al-Kahf, 18:83–94).
Definition: A prominent historical figure and conqueror known for his vast empire stretching from Greece to Egypt and Persia. Regarded in Islamic eschatology as Dhu al-Qarnayn, a character serving the cause of the righteous.
Etymology: The name al-Iskandar is derived from the Macedonian name Aléxandros. In the Qur’an, “Dhu al-Qarnayn” literally means “the one with two horns,” symbolizing sovereignty and power.
Background and Historical Facts
- Birth and Death: Born in Pella, Macedonia, in 356 B.C.E. and died in Babylon in 323 B.C.E.
- Conquests: Known for significant victories including the conquests of Egypt, Persia, and parts of India.
- Cultural Impact: Founded numerous cities, many of which bear his name, like Alexandria in Egypt.
Connection to Dhu al-Qarnayn: The Qur’an narrates the story of Dhu al-Qarnayn as a righteous ruler who builds a barrier to protect humanity from the tribes of Gog and Magog, emphasizing themes of justice and protection.
Cultural Context and Explanations
Differences and Similarities Across Cultures
- In Western history, Alexander is primarily viewed as a military genius and the greatest conqueror whose empire spread Greek culture and influence.
- In Islamic Tradition, he is revered not only as a conqueror but as a divinely inspired leader with a special mission to protect the righteous and uphold justice.
Synonyms and Antonyms
- Synonyms: Dhu al-Qarnayn, Al-Iskandar.
- Antonyms: Oppressor (ظالم), Unjust Ruler (حاكم جائر).
Related Terms and Definitions
- Gog and Magog (يأجوج ومأجوج): Tribes mentioned in the Qur’an that Dhu al-Qarnayn builds a barrier against to protect mankind.
- Prophets in Islam (الأنبياء في الإسلام): Individuals regarded as messengers sent by God, of whom Dhu al-Qarnayn is arguably considered by some interpretations.
- Eschatology (علم الأخرويات): A branch of theology concerned with the final events in the history of the world.
Exciting Facts
- Many classical Islamic scholars, including the famous historian Al-Tabari, have drawn parallels between Dhu al-Qarnayn and Alexander the Great.
- The “two-horned” symbolism varies in interpretation, with some saying it symbolizes Alexander’s diadem or his reach over two continents.
Quotations
- Ibn Kathir: “Alexander was a righteous ruler who traveled to the ends of the Earth.”
- Marmaduke Pickthall: “Dhu al-Qarnayn is more than history; he represents divine kingship.”
References and Suggested Literature
- “The Alexander Romance” by Pseudo-Callisthenes: Classical literature that influenced many Islamic stories concerning Alexander.
- “The Explanation of Surah Al-Kahf” by Ibn Kathir: Interpretations and context regarding Dhu al-Qarnayn in Islamic tradition.
- “The Conquests of Alexander the Great” by Waldemar Heckel.
Farewell Thought: “Learning about historical figures through the lens of various cultures not only broadens our understanding but also highlights the universal values we share. Alexander the Great, or Dhu al-Qarnayn in Islamic tradition, stands as a testament to the timeless quest for justice and knowledge.”
Published by: Fatimah bin Sulaiman, 2023
