Definition
Dhimmi
The term “Dhimmi” refers to non-Muslim citizens who live in an Islamic state under protection. Derived from the Arabic word “dhimma” (ذمة), meaning “protection” or “covenant,” dhimmi status historically applied to “People of the Book” (Ahl al-Kitab), which included Jews, Christians, Sabaeans, and in some contexts, Zoroastrians and Hindus.
Etymology
The term “Dhimmi” originates from classical Arabic, “dhimma” (ذمة), indicating a pact or an alliance, derived from “dhamana” meaning to ensure or protect.
Background and Historical Facts
Dhimmi status was an institutionalized principle in early Islamic empires, beginning in the 7th century. Dhimmis had to pay a special tax known as “jizya”. In return, their life, property, and freedom to practice their religion were guaranteed. This system offered a level of communal autonomy and protection, often at the cost of certain social and economic restrictions.
Historical Milestones
- The Pact of Umar (7th century): Establishes various rules and regulations for Dhimmis, emphasizing their obligations and the protection they received.
- Medina Charter (622 AD): An early example of a legal document that established relations between Muslims and non-Muslims in the Islamic state of Medina.
Cultural Differences and Synonyms
Synonyms
- Protected Peoples
- Non-Muslims Under Covenant
Translation
- Arabic: ذِمّيون (Dhimmi)
- Urdu: ذمی (Zimmi)
- Persian: ذمی (Zimmi)
- Turkish: Zimmi
- Indonesian: Gharim
Antonyms and Related Terms
Antonyms
- Kafir (كافر): Non-believer, one who refuses to accept the Islamic faith.
Related Terms
Ahl al-Kitab (أهل الكتاب)
Meaning “People of the Book,” referring to Jews, Christians, and Sabians as mentioned in the Quran.
Jizya (جزية)
A per capita yearly tax historically levied on non-Muslim subjects.
Sharia (شريعة)
Islamic law derived from the Quran, Hadith, consensus (Ijma), and analogy (Qiyas).
Exciting Facts
- Communal Autonomy: Despite the restrictions, Dhimmis were allowed a significant degree of communal self-rule which included the management of internal affairs and local legal matters.
- Contributions to Islamic Civilization: Dhimmis have profoundly contributed to Islamic civilization, particularly in fields like science, medicine, philosophy, and trade.
Quotations
“The dhimma given by God and his Prophet is still in force with those to whom it was given… except if they leave it by themselves and refuse to be faithful to their obligations.” – Al-Ghazali, famous Islamic philosopher
Suggested Literature and Further Studies
- “A History of Islamic Societies” by Ira M. Lapidus
- “The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam” by Bat Ye’or
- “The Pact of Umar” from classical Islamic texts
- “The Rules of Jizya” by Al-Mawardi
Quizzes
Yusuf Ibn Hassan October 10, 2023
May knowledge guide our path and understanding illuminate our journey. Until we meet again, peace and blessings be upon you.
