📜 The Faraidi Movement: A Nineteenth-Century Bengali Reform

Definition and Meaning

Faraidi Movement The Faraidi Movement was a significant nineteenth-century Islamic reform movement in Bengal, led by Hajji Shariatullah (d. 1840). Influenced by the Wahhabi movement from Arabia, it saw British India as dar al-kufr (region of unbelief). Rather than declaring jihad, the movement initially chose symbolic actions like suspending public rituals, such as Friday congregational prayers, to signal the absence of an Islamic political order. The Faraidis implemented strict adherence to Islamic orthodoxy and the five pillars of Islam, abandoning saint worship and customs influenced by Hindu practices.

Etymology

The term “Faraidi” derives from the Arabic word “Fara’id” (فرائض) which means “obligations” or “duties.” The emphasis on religious duties forms the backbone of this movement.

Background

Hajji Shariatullah initiated the Faraidi Movement in the early 19th century as a religious reform aimed at purifying Islamic practices among Bengali Muslims under British colonial rule. He stressed compliance with Sharia (Islamic Law) and opposed syncretic practices.

Historical Facts and Dates

• Founder: Hajji Shariatullah
• Established: Early 19th century, before 1830
• Peak: 1838-1840s during Hajji Shariatullah’s leadership
• Suppressions: British-aided suppression in the 1830s

Cultural Differences and Similarities

The Faraidi Movement shares similarities with the Wahhabi movement in its efforts to purify Islamic practices. Culturally, it distinguished itself by addressing local issues specific to Bengali society, such as Hindu-influenced customs and agricultural challenges faced by Muslim peasants.

Synonyms:

• Wahhabi Revival in Bengal
• Bengali Islamic Reform Movement

Antonyms:

• Syncretic Islamic Practices
• Sufi Influenced Islam

Related Terms with Definitions:

• Jihad (جهاد): Struggle or effort in the way of God, which can involve personal spiritual struggle or physical struggle.
• Dar al-Kufr (دار الكفر): “House of Unbelief”, regions or lands not governed by Islamic law.

Exciting Facts

• The movement prompted significant socio-economic changes alongside religious reforms.
• Pamphlets in Bengali were used to spread teachings, educational materials, and reform messages among the local population.

Quotations from Notable Writers

“The Faraidi leaders did not just demand religious adherence but also social justice, reflecting a transformative agenda beyond mere ritualistic reform.” - Scholar Aminul Ehsan

Suggest Literature and Sources for Further Studies

Books:

• “The Bengali Muslim Reformation” by Rafiuddin Ahmed - This book dives into the broader context of Islamic reform movements in Bengal.
• “Islamic Reform in South Asia” by Muhammad Qasim Zaman - Discusses a variety of reform movements including the Faraidi Movement.

Journals and Articles:

• “Islamic Reform Movements in South Asia” in the Journal of Islamic Studies
• “Hajji Shariatullah and the Faraidi Movement” in South Asian History and Culture

Inspirational Thought-Provoking Farewell

The Faraidi Movement reminds us of the power of grassroots reform and the enduring struggle for a pure and just society. It stands as a testament to local adaptability in the face of global religious trends and colonial realities.

Till we meet again, let the light of knowledge guide your journey through the annals of history. 🌟