Definition and Etymology
Farman (Persian: ูุฑู ุงู): A farman is an authoritative command, decree, or edict issued by a sovereign or the governing authority. The term originates from the Persian language, evolving from the verb ‘farmaodan,’ meaning “to command” or “order.” In Turkish, it is known as ‘firman,’ and it was notably used to denote any order or edict issued by the Ottoman Sultan.
Background and Historical Facts
Historical Use: The concept of farman has deep roots in Persian and Ottoman history. In the Persian Empire, it was used to issue commands from rulers, while in the Ottoman Empire, Sultans’ firmans were critical documents that could dictate law, grant privileges, or communicate policies. One of the most famous firmans was issued by Sultan Mehmed II in 1453, guaranteeing the rights of the Orthodox Patriarchate.
Cultural Differences and Similarities
In the broader Islamic context, a farman could be compared to edicts issued in other regions, such as the fatwas by Islamic jurists, which though advisory, carried significant weight. Unlike fatwas, however, farmans had the binding legal and executive authority of the ruling class.
Synonyms and Antonyms
Synonyms:
- Edict
- Decree
- Order
- Command
- Mandate
Antonyms:
- Request
- Suggestion
Related Terms with Definitions
Fatwa: A legal opinion issued by an Islamic scholar on a point of Islamic law. Manแนฃลซr: Letters of appointment in Islamic history, often synonymous with decrees. Ghiyฤs: Seeking aid or assistance, often implying orders or help requested ad hoc.
Exciting Facts
- Firmans were elaborately decorated with elaborate calligraphy and the Sultanโs tughra (signature).
- The farman issued by Sultan Suleiman to Captain Dragut is a celebrated historical document, illustrating the international nature of some decrees.
Quotations from Notable Writers
“Issuing a farman, the Sultan not only sought to command but also to root the authority deep within the hearts and minds of his subjects.” โ Ayesha Jalal
References and Suggested Literature
- The Ottomans: Dissolving Images by Zeynep รelik
- Empire of the Islamic World by Janet L. Abu-Lughod
- Iran: A Modern History by Abbas Amanat
- Scholarly articles from the “Journal of Islamic Studies”
๐ Inspirational Thought-Provoking Farewell
“Understanding the essence of a farman helps us peer into the mechanisms of historical governance, showing us how leadership was exercised and societal order was maintained through authoritative scripts.” โ Kamran Hussein
