Definition
The term Ghulāt (غلاة) refers to a sect within Shīʿah Islam known for their extreme views, particularly the exaggerated veneration of their Imāms. The word ‘Ghulāt’ originates from the Arabic root “غ ل و” (gh-l-w), which means to exceed bounds or be excessive.
Etymology
The term ‘Ghulāt’ (غلاة) comes from the Arabic verb “غَلَا” (ghalā), meaning to surpass or to go to an extreme. The root ‘gh-l-w’ conveys the idea of exaggeration or excessiveness.
Background
The Ghulāt sect emerged within Shīʿah Islam, largely during the early Islamic period. Unlike mainstream Shīʿah who revere the Imāms as divinely chosen but still human, the Ghulāt believe in the divine or superhuman attributes of the Imāms.
Beliefs
Here’s an overview of their key beliefs:
- Divinity of Imāms: Ghulāt sects often maintain that Imāms possess divine attributes, a view that is in stark contrast to mainstream Islamic beliefs.
- Occultation and Return: Some Ghulāt groups believe in the occultation (disappearance) and eventual return of the Imāms to establish divine justice.
Cultural Differences and Similarities
- Orthodox Shīʿah vs Ghulāt: mainstream Shīʿah distance themselves from the Ghulāt, emphasizing the humanity of the Imāms.
- Sunni Islam: Sunnis generally reject the concept of Imāms as divine or semi-divine figures, adhering strictly to the belief in the unity (tawhid) of Allah.
Synonyms
- Extremists
- Fanatics
- Radicals
Antonyms
- Moderates
- Mainstream Shīʿah
- Sunni Islam
Related Terms with Definitions
- Imām: In Shīʿah Islam, a religious leader considered to be divinely appointed.
- Tawhid: The principle of monotheism, or the belief in the oneness of Allah.
- Occultation: The belief in the disappearance of the last Imām who will return as the Mahdi, a messianic figure.
Exciting Facts
- Some Ghulāt sects held secretive and esoteric practices aimed at discovering the hidden knowledge (gnosis) believed to have been given to the Imāms.
- Despite being considered heretical by mainstream Shīʿah authorities, Ghulāt groups have had a profound impact on Islamic mysticism and esotericism.
Quotations from Notable Writers
“In every age, the Ghulāt have pushed the boundaries of doctrinal limits, challenging normative beliefs and reshaping the mystical landscape of Islam.” - Ali Bashir, Islamic Studies Scholar
References
- Corbin, Henry. History of Islamic Philosophy
- Moojan, Momen. An Introduction to Shīʿī Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shīʿism
Suggested Literature
- “The Divinity of the Imāms” by Henry Corbin: A seminal work exploring the mystical interpretations of the Imām’s roles.
- “Esotericism and Sufism: The Ghulāt Influence” by William Chittick: An insightful examination of the Ghulāt’s impact on Islamic esotericism.
Quizzes
A Thought-Provoking Farewell
“In your journey to understand humanity’s spiritual endeavors, may you always seek wisdom while embracing diversity in belief systems. Remember, knowledge is the bridge that unites us across oceans of difference.”
— Zainab Al-Rashid, October 4, 2023
