Comprehensive Definition
IJMĀʿ (اجماع) The term IJMĀʿ (اجماع) in Islamic jurisprudence denotes the concept of unanimous consensus among the learned scholars (Mujtahidūn) regarding matters of Islamic law and theology. It signifies a collective agreement, which holds significant authority in shaping the interpretation and application of Sharia.
IJMĀʿ has three primary forms:
- Ittifāq-i-Qaulī: Consensus expressed through verbal declarations.
- Ittifāq-i-Fiʿlī: Consensus demonstrated through common practice.
- Ittifāq-i-Sakūtī: Tacit consensus where the majority remain silent, thereby indicating agreement.
Etymology and Background
Etymologically, the word IJMĀʿ stems from the Arabic root “جمع” (jamaʿa), which means “to collect,” or “to assemble.” In the context of Islamic theology, it evolved to encompass the unanimous agreement among scholars on religious matters.
Cultural Differences and Similarities
IJMĀʿ is recognized and revered in both Sunni and Shia sects of Islam, although the criteria for valid IJMĀʿ and the scholars who participate may differ. For example, Shia Islam vests this authority primarily in the living Mujtahidūn, unlike the Sunnis, who usually follow the consensus established by earlier scholars and their schools.
Synonyms
- Consensus
- Jurisprudence Agreement
- Unified Opinion
Antonyms
- Dispute
- Dissent
- Disagreement
Related Terms
- Ijtihād (اجتهاد): The process of independent judicial reasoning.
- Sharia (شريعة): The system of Islamic law derived from the Quran and Hadith.
- Mujtahid (مجتهد): A scholar competent in Ijtihād.
Exciting Facts
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The famed prophecy by Muhammad foretelling the fragmentation of his followers into seventy-three sects underscores the diversity within Islamic jurisprudence and the persisting efforts to maintain unity through IJMĀʿ.
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Despite the initial purpose of preventing disunity, IJMĀʿ has not always succeeded in mitigating the divisions, similar to how doctrinal splits have occurred within Christianity and Judaism.
Quotations from Notable Writers
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Al-Ghazali: “The protection of the unity of the Muslim community lies in unanimity – the IJMĀʿ of scholars serves as the bastion against fragmentation.”
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Syed Ahmed Khan: “While Ijtihād epitomizes individual reasoning, IJMĀʿ signifies the collective human echo of divine will.”
Suggestions for Further Studies
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Books
- “Islamic Jurisprudence” by Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee
- “Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence” by Mohammad Hashim Kamali
- “The Formation of Islamic Law” by Wael Hallaq
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Articles
- “The Evolution and Definition of IJMĀʿ in Islam” by Fazlur Rahman
- “Historical Development of IJMĀʿ in Islamic Jurisprudence” by Jane McAuliffe
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Online Courses
- “Islamic Law and Jurisprudence” – Offered by Harvard University (Online Platform)
- “Understanding Sharia and IJMĀʿ” – Presented by Al-Mahdi Institute
With an exploration of IJMĀʿ, we step towards understanding the harmonious yet complex fabric of Islamic jurisprudence, emphasizing unity in diversity.
Inspirational Quote: “Verily, the scholars are the inheritors of the prophets.” - Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)
Until our next exploration, Fatima An-Nasr
Publishing Date: 2023-10-04
