Comprehensive Definition
ʿILM (علم), meaning “knowledge” in Arabic, is a fundamental concept in Islamic theology and culture. More than just a mundane understanding, ʿIlm encompasses knowledge derived from the Qur’an, the Sunnah (the practices and traditions of Prophet Muhammad), and divine revelations. It is considered both a duty and a virtue for Muslims to pursue this sacred knowledge.
Etymology
The term ʿIlm (علم) in Arabic derives from the root ‘Ayn-Lām-Mīm’ (ع ل م) which means “to know” or “to be aware of.” The term signifies a deeply entrenched historical and theological heritage, emblematic of the Islamic valuation of education and wisdom.
Background
Islamic tradition heavily emphasizes the pursuit of knowledge:
- ʿIlmu ʾl-Mabādī (Elementary Knowledge): Basic understanding of the words and sentences of the Qur’an and Hadith.
- ʿIlmu ʾl-Maqāṣīd (Perfected Knowledge): Advanced comprehension related to faith and practices as taught in the Qur’an and Hadith.
- ʿIlmu ʾl-Mukāshafah (Revealed Knowledge): Spiritual insights and truths illuminated within the hearts of devout Muslims, often felt as divinely inspired wisdom.
- ʿIlmu ʾl-Ḥaqīqah (Knowledge of the Truth): An even deeper spiritual understanding that enlightens one’s faith.
Cultural Differences and Similarities
Across Muslim communities worldwide, the pursuit and reverence of ʿIlm unites believers. This scholarly quest transcends cultural and geographic distinctions, representing a universal attribute of the Islamic tradition. Key similarities include the value of teachers and scholars, the importance of Qur’anic studies, and communal learning practices.
Synonyms
- Say: ‘Marifa’
- Ark: ‘Understanding’
- Fiqh: ‘Deeper Jurisprudential Knowledge’
Antonyms
- Jahl (جهل): ‘Ignorance’
- Nisyan: ‘Forgetfulness’
Related Terms
- Ḥikmah (حكمة): ‘Wisdom’
- Shariʿa (شريعة): ‘Islamic Law’
- Tarbiyah (تربية): ‘Education and Training’
Exciting Facts
- The first revelation received by Prophet Muhammad was the command “Read!” This highlights the divine emphasis on the importance of knowledge.
- Islamic Golden Age (8th to 14th century) saw Muslim scholars making significant contributions to sciences, philosophy, medicine, and the arts, all underpinned by their pursuit of ʿIlm.
Quotations
- “The desire of knowledge is a divine commandment for every Muslim, and to instruct in knowledge those who are unworthy of it, is like putting pearls, jewels, and gold on the necks of swine.” — Prophet Muhammad (Mishkātu ʾl-Maṣābiḥ)
- “That person who will pursue the road of knowledge, God will direct him to the road of Paradise.” — Prophet Muhammad
References and Suggested Literature
- “The Book of Knowledge” by Imam Al-Ghazali
- “The Revival of the Religious Sciences” by Al-Ghazali
- “Studies in Islamic Civilization: The Muslim Contribution to the Renaissance” by Ahmed Essa, Othman Ali
- “The Qur’an: An Encyclopedia” edited by Oliver Leaman
Quizzes
Farewell Thought
May the glow of knowledge illuminate our paths and bring us closer to truth and wisdom. As Prophet Muhammad encourages us, let the quest for ʿIlm be an ever-blooming orchard in our minds and souls. On your journey, remember that the road of knowledge is the road to Paradise. 🌟
Ayesha Al-Hassan, 2023
