Definition
ʿILMU ʾL-AK͟HLĀQ (علم الاخلاق), often transliterated as Ilm al-Akhlaq, refers to the field of Islamic studies dedicated to ethics and morals. Akhlaq itself means “ethics” or “morality,” and encompasses the virtues and moral character emphasized in Islam.
Etymology
The term ʿILMU ʾL-AK͟HLĀQ derives from:
- ʿIlm (علم): Meaning “science” or “knowledge.”
- Akhlaq (اخلاق): Originating from the Arabic root “KH-L-Q” (خلق), meaning “to create” or “to form,” highlighting the creation of moral character and conduct.
Background
Islamic ethical science explores the moral framework prescribed by the Qur’an and the Hadith (sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad). It covers various facets of human behavior, societal norms, virtues, and vices, emphasizing the development of a virtuous character aligning with Islamic teachings.
Major Works
-
Akhlāq-i-Jalālī
- By: Faqīr Jānī Muḥammad
- Century: 16th century CE (A.H. 908)
- Description: Comprehensive treatment of moral philosophy with numerous illustrations and references.
- English Translation By: W. F. Thompson (1839)
-
Akhlāq-i-Naṣīrī
- By: Naṣīru’d-Dīn at̤-T̤ūsī
- Century: 13th century CE (A.H. 672)
- Description: A meticulous and philosophical exploration of Aristotelian ethics through an Islamic lens.
-
Akhlāq-i-Muḥsinī
- By: Maulawī Ḥusain al-Kāshifī
- Century: 16th century CE (A.H. 910)
- Description: A practical guide offering ethical instructions rooted in Quranic teachings.
Cultural Differences and Similarities
Differences:
- Western Ethics vs. Islamic Akhlaq: Both traditions explore morality, but Islamic Akhlaq leans heavily on the divine wisdom found in the Qur’an and Hadith.
- Individualism vs. Community-Oriented Ethics: While Western ethics often emphasize individual autonomy, Islamic Akhlaq emphasizes the individual’s role within the community and their duty to serve others.
Similarities:
- Universality of Values: Both approaches highlight universal virtues, including honesty, justice, and compassion.
- Foundational Philosophical Questions: Both investigate the nature of good and evil, virtue, and the best way to live.
Synonyms and Antonyms
Synonyms:
- Ethics
- Morality
- Virtue Ethics
- Moral Philosophy
Antonyms:
- Immorality
- Unethical Conduct
- Vice
Related Terms
Tazkiyah (تزكية)
The purification of the soul, closely related to Akhlaq, focusing on spiritual and moral cleanliness.
Fitrah (فطرة)
The natural disposition or inherent nature of humans as created by Allah, which aligns with ethical behavior and righteousness.
Tawhid (توحيد)
The oneness of Allah, influencing the unity and harmony of ethics in Islamic thought.
Exciting Facts
- Integration of Science and Faith: Unlike the secular approach in the West, Islamic Akhlaq integrates scientific knowledge and spiritual wisdom.
- Global Reverence: These works are revered worldwide, transcending cultural boundaries within the Muslim Diaspora.
- Literary Beauty: Classical texts in Akhlaq are often praised for their poetic and rhetorical elegance, reflecting the artistic heritage of Islamic civilization.
Quotations from Notable Writers
Al-Ghazali:
“Ethics is the cornerstone of every deen (religion), for through it, societies are harmonized and the souls purified from the baseness of vice.”
Tusi:
“In moral philosophy, the highest endeavor is the attainment of akhlaq al-karim (noble character).”
Literature and Sources for Further Study
- “Morals and Ethics in Islam” by W. M. Watt:
- Insightful overview and analysis of ethical principles in Islamic tradition.
- “The Book of Assistance” by Imam Haddad:
- Practical guide on ethics and spiritual purification.
- Akhlāq-i-Jalālī:
- Translated works by Faqīr Jānī Muḥammad exploring the foundations of Islamic morality.
- “Ethico-Religious Concepts in the Qur’an” by Toshihiko Izutsu:
- Scholarly examination of moral themes and concepts within the Qur’an.
Thought-Provoking Farewell 🌹
As we delve deeper into the sacred sciences like ʿIlmu ʾL-Akhlāq, let us remember that the pursuit of noble character is a lifelong journey, a path illuminated by divine wisdom and sustained by our collective responsibility. May our hearts be inscribed with the teachings of righteousness, guiding us towards a life of virtue and harmony.
In the words of Rumi, “Be like the sun for grace and mercy. Be like the night to cover others’ faults. Be like running water for generosity. Be like the earth for modesty.”
Farewell, 🌺 Dr. Yasmine Al-Karim
