What is ʿIlmu ʾl-ʿAqāʾid?
ʿIlmu ʾl-ʿAqāʾid (عـلـم العقائد), often referred to simply as Aqeedah, is a branch of Islamic knowledge that deals with the beliefs and doctrines of Islam. The term ʿIlmu ʾl-ʿAqāʾid translates to the “Science of Dogmatics” or “Science of Beliefs”. This field critically explores the foundational beliefs concerning the nature of Allah (God), Prophethood, the afterlife, and various elements of faith. Related to this, but more specifically concerned with philosophical discourse, is ʿIlmu ʾl-Kalām.
Etymology and Linguistic Roots
The term ʿIlmu ʾl-ʿAqāʾid derives from Arabic:
- ʿIlm (عـلـم): translates to “knowledge” or “science”.
- ʿAqāʾid (عـقائد): the plural form of ʿAqīdah (عقيدة), meaning “creed” or “belief”.
Together, they signify the science or knowledge of belief systems within Islam.
Historical Background
The formalization of ʿIlmu ʾl-ʿAqāʾid can be traced back to early Islamic centuries. It gained significant development through the works of Islamic theologians and scholars such as:
- Abū Ḥanīfa: one of the earliest Sunni Muslim scholars to compile works on Aqeedah.
- Al-Ashʿarī and Al-Māturīdī: foundational figures in establishing and systematizing the major theological schools of thought within Sunni Islam.
- Shīʿa theologians also furthered interpretations central to their doctrinal teachings.
Cultural Differences and Similarities
Within the broad spectrum of Islamic thought, various schools of thought approach the tenets of ʿIlmu ʾl-ʿAqāʾid differently:
- Sunni Islam: predominantly follows the Ashʿarī, Māturīdī, and Atharī (traditionalist) schools.
- Shīʿa Islam: emphasizes doctrines from the teachings of the Imāms and follows a distinctive theological path.
- Sufi traditions: often incorporate mystical and experiential dimensions while maintaining adherence to fundamental creedal beliefs.
Synonyms and Related Terms
- ʿIlmu ʾl-Kalām (علم الكلام): The Science of Discourse or speculative theology.
- Aqeedah (عقيدة): Creed or Articles of Faith.
Antonyms
- Kufr (كفر): Disbelief.
- Shirk (شرك): The sin of associating partners with Allah.
Exciting Facts
- Many medieval Islamic scholars wrote poetic verses known as Qasā’id to eloquently outline Aqeedah, making complex theology accessible.
- ʿIlmu ʾl-ʿAqāʾid is often studied first in madrassahs (Islamic schools) as it underpins all other Islamic sciences.
Quotations from Notable Writers
“Knowledge (‘Ilm) of the truth of belief (ʿAqāʾid) is the very gateway to understanding one’s purpose and living a life in pursuit of the Divine reality.”
— Imam Ghazālī
Suggested Literature
- “The Creed of Imam al-Tahawiyy” by Imam al-Tahawi.
- “A Journey Through Islamic Theology” by Mustafa Badawi.
- “The Essentials of Islam” by Farid Esack.
Further Studies and References
- Explore various fields: Complementary studies in Hadith (prophetic traditions) and Tafsir (Qur’anic exegesis).
- Notable Scholars: Works by scholars such as Ibn Taymiyyah, Imam Nawawi, and Al-Ghazalī.
Quiz Time!
As we close today’s dive into the foundational tenets of ʿIlmu ʾl-ʿAqāʾid, may this exploration inspire a deeper appreciation for the rich tapestry of Islamic theology. Through understanding our beliefs, we embark on a journey to unify the heart and mind in perpetual pursuit of truth and divine knowledge.
Stay curious, for every question marks the beginning of wisdom.
Warm regards, Aisha Zaheer
