Pakistan, Islam in - Definition and Meaning
Etymology and Background
The term “Islam in Pakistan” encompasses the faith, cultural practices, and political landscape of the Islamic religion within the state of Pakistan. Formed in 1947, Pakistan emerged as the first country established explicitly in the name of Islam, marking a significant moment in the history of the Indian subcontinent.
Historical Context and Facts
- Founding: Pakistan was created on August 14, 1947, under the leadership of Mohammad Ali Jinnah, who envisioned it as a liberal Muslim democratic state.
- Antecedents: The movement for an Islamic state began with figures like Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan and the Aligarh movement, promoting educational and religio-political reforms.
- Pivotal Organizations: The All-India Muslim League played a crucial role in advocating for Muslim political autonomy and the protection of their rights.
- Partition: The belief that Muslims’ cultural and political interests wouldn’t be safeguarded in a Hindu-majority India led to the call for a separate state.
Resurgence and Islamization
- Initial Post-Independence Period: Major debates revolved around the role of Islam within the state. Should the state adhere strictly to Islamic law, or adopt a more secular approach?
- Islamic Measures by Zia-ul-Haq (1977-1988): Key measures included hudud punishments, zakah and ushr taxes, shariah courts’ establishment, removing interest from parts of the banking sector, and infusing school textbooks with Islamic perspectives.
Sociopolitical Landscape
- Political Parties: Several Islamic-oriented political parties take part in the political process, advocating for implementing traditional Islamic law in Pakistan.
- Demographics: Approximately 97% of Pakistanis are Muslims, with a majority being Sunnis following the Hanafi school. Between 10-15% are Shias, predominantly Twelvers.
Cultural Differences and Similarities
- Sunni and Shia Practices: While the majority Sunni population dominates, Shia communities also contribute significantly to the cultural and spiritual tapestry.
- Educational Institutions: Private mosques and madrasas play pivotal roles, often advocating independently or oppositionally to the mainstream religious establishment.
Synonyms, Antonyms, and Related Terms
- Synonyms: Muslim State of Pakistan, Islamic Republic.
- Antonyms: Secular State (in context to laws and governance).
- Related Terms:
- Shariah (شريعة): Islamic canonical law.
- Zakah (زكاة): Obligatory almsgiving.
- Usher (عشر): Agricultural tax in Islamic jurisprudence.
Interesting Facts
- Largest Migrated Population: The creation of Pakistan saw one of history’s most massive migrations in a single upheaval.
- Nuclear Nation: Pakistan is the only Muslim-majority country to possess nuclear weapons, underlining its strategic and political significance.
Quotations
“Islam is not merely seen as something to believe in, but also as a framework within which every Muslim needs to conduct his or her personal and communal practices.”
Suggested Literature
- Books:
- “Pakistan: A Hard Country” by Anatol Lieven
- “Faith and Politics in Pakistan” by Leonard Binder
- “The Idea of Pakistan” by Stephen Philip Cohen
- Articles and Journals:
- Harvard Journal of Muslim Affairs
- The Pakistani Journal of Islamic Studies
### What role did the All-India Muslim League play in pre-independence India?
- [x] Advocated for Muslim political autonomy.
- [ ] Opposed the creation of a separate Muslim state.
- [ ] Collaborated exclusively with the British colonial government.
- [ ] Focused only on educational reforms.
> **Explanation:** The All-India Muslim League was a key player in advocating for the political autonomy and rights of Indian Muslims, ultimately leading to the creation of Pakistan.
### Who was the founder of Pakistan and what was his vision for the new state?
- [x] Mohammad Ali Jinnah; a liberal Muslim democratic state.
- [ ] Mahatma Gandhi; a Hindu-Muslim united India.
- [ ] Allama Iqbal; a rigid theocratic state.
- [ ] Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan; an educational institution.
> **Explanation:** Mohammad Ali Jinnah led the movement for an independent Pakistan, envisioning it as a liberal Muslim democratic state, although later developments led to debates about the role of Islam in governance.
### During which years did Zia-ul-Haq introduce significant Islamic reforms in Pakistan?
- [x] 1977-1988
- [ ] 1948-1958
- [ ] 1971-1981
- [ ] 1990-1999
> **Explanation:** Zia-ul-Haq's regime (1977-1988) saw the imposition of Islamic laws and measures in various aspects of Pakistani society.
### What percentage of Pakistan's population identifies as Muslim?
- [x] Approximately 97%
- [ ] 50%
- [ ] 75%
- [ ] 85%
> **Explanation:** Around 97% of Pakistanis are Muslims, with the majority being Sunnis and a significant minority being Shias.
### What movement laid the foundations for educational and religio-political reforms aiming for Muslim autonomy in British India?
- [x] Aligarh Movement
- [ ] Partition Movement
- [ ] Khilafat Movement
- [ ] Non-Cooperation Movement
> **Explanation:** The Aligarh Movement, spearheaded by Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan, aimed at educational and religio-political reforms, laying the groundwork for Muslim political consciousness and the demand for a separate state.
### What was the primary reason for the creation of Pakistan according to the All-India Muslim League?
- [x] Safeguarding the religious, cultural, and political interests of Indian Muslims.
- [ ] Establishing a trade partnership with Britain.
- [ ] Integrating Muslim cultural practices into a Hindu-majority society.
- [ ] Creating a socialist economy.
> **Explanation:** The All-India Muslim League feared that a Hindu-majority post-independence India could not safeguard Muslim interests, leading to the demand for a separate Muslim state.
### Which religious law was introduced to replace interest (usury) in parts of the banking system?
- [x] Islamic Finance/Banking
- [ ] Common Civil Code
- [ ] Criminal Procedure Code
- [ ] Hindu Personal Law
> **Explanation:** Islamic banking principles were introduced to replace interest-bearing transactions in parts of Pakistan's banking system under Zia-ul-Haq's regime.
### What is "zakah" and how does it feature in Pakistan's Islamic practices?
- [x] Obligatory charitable giving.
- [ ] Judicial punishment.
- [ ] Muslim spiritual beliefs.
- [ ] A festival.
> **Explanation:** Zakah is the compulsory giving of a set portion of one's wealth to charity, which is a significant aspect of Islamic practice and was formalized as part of Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization measures.
Final Words:
Journeying through Pakistan’s past enables one to understand the enduring interplay between faith and politics, reflected in its continued quest for an identity aligned with its foundational ideals.
