Comprehensive Definition
K͟hamr (خمر) is the Qurʾānic term for any substance that causes intoxication. It is explicitly mentioned and prohibited due to its detriment to spiritual, social, and physical well-being.
Etymology and Linguistic Root
The term “K͟hamr” stems from the root خ-م-ر (kha-meem-ra), which means “to cover” or “ferment.” Historically, it refers to wine specifically, but its usage has evolved to include various intoxicants.
Background and Religious Context
The prohibition of K͟hamr is highlighted in multiple verses of the Qur’an, with the most direct allusions found in Surah Al-Baqarah 2:219, Al-Maidah 5:90-91. Its restriction is part of Islamic jurisprudence to maintain purity and moral integrity.
Cultural Differences and Similarities
Similarities:
- Like many religious traditions, Islam associates intoxicants with moral and social decline.
- Prohibitions are paralleled in religions such as Bahá’í Faith and certain branches of Buddhism.
Differences:
- Some Islamic sects interpret K͟hamr strictly to include all narcotics, while others take a more liberal approach.
- In specific cultural contexts, substances like tobacco or specific herbal remedies might be permissibly used.
Synonyms and Antonyms
Synonyms:
- Muskirāt (مُسكِرات): Intoxicants
- Sharāb (شراب): Drink, but can also refer to alcoholic beverages.
Antonyms:
- Ᾱīśc (عيش): Life; refers to a sober, righteous life.
- Ṛushd (رُشد): Guidance; the state of following a righteous path.
Related Terms with Definitions
- Tahāra: (طهارة): Purity; in essence, the opposite of the impurity caused by intoxicants.
- Istighfār: (استغفار): Seeking forgiveness, especially significant in the context of recovery from intoxicants.
- Ḥalāl: (حلال): Permissible; substances and behaviors allowed under Islamic law.
Exciting Facts
- Historical records indicate Wahhābīs destroyed tobacco pipes in an interpretation of K͟hamr, signifying destructive actions taken to enforce sobriety.
- Some medieval Islamic scholars brewed non-alcoholic beverages resembling medieval ales which were permitted.
Quotations
- “Intoxicants and gambling, [dedication of] stone alters, and [divination by] arrows, are an abomination of Satan’s handiwork; so avoid [strictly all] that abomination, in order that you may be successful.” - Qur’an, Surah Al-Maidah 5:90
References and Further Literature
For Further Studies:
- “The Prohibition of K͟hamr” by Sayyid Abdul A’la Maududi explores why K͟hamr is prohibited in Islamic jurisprudence.
- “Alcohol in the Islamic World: The Multifaceted Prohibition” by Mona Siddiqui details cultural applications and theological discussions.
In the words of Rumi: “The only lasting beauty is the beauty of the heart.” Reflect on how K͟hamr affects the beauty within and strive to cultivate purity in all facets of life.
Stay inspired, reflective, and scholarly.
Farewell,
Zara Bint Malik
Published on October 10, 2023
