K̲HAWĀRIJ (خوارج)
Definition
K̲hawārij (خوارج): A term derived from Arabic, literarily meaning “those who went out” or “the exiled ones.” They were a sect within Islam known for their belief that any just and pious Muslim, regardless of tribal affiliation, could be elected as the K̲halīfah. The K̲hawārij strongly held that the leader (K̲halīfah) should embody justice and piety, and if found diverging from these essential qualities, could be deposed or even killed.
Etymology
The term K̲hawārij comes from the root Arabic verb kharaja (خرج) meaning “to leave” or “to go out,” reflecting their separation and revolt against mainstream Muslim leaders, initially in reaction to the political decisions made by ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib post the Battle of Ṣiffīn.
Historical Background
The K̲hawārij emerged from a significant historical context—The Battle of Ṣiffīn (657 CE), a critical conflict in early Islam between the forces of the fourth caliph, ‘Ali, and the governor of Syria, Mu‘awiya. The K̲hawārij opposed ‘Ali’s acceptance of arbitration to settle the conflict, arguing that God’s judgment should prevail. This faction discontent with the political maneuverings and invested in a purist return to what they perceived as true Islamic governance.
Cultural Differences and Similarities
Cultural Differences:
- Mainstream Sunni and Shia Views: Both Sunni and Shia Muslims generally view the K̲hawārij as extremists due to their strict ideologies and historical advocacy for violent means.
- Current Perceptions: Today, the K̲hawārij are often discussed has shaped the sociopolitical thought and legalistic perspectives.
Similarities:
- Their foundational emphasis on justice, piety, and the moral integrity of leadership are echoed in various Islamic sects that address the ethical and religious qualifications for leadership.
Synonyms and Antonyms
Synonyms:
- Kharijites: another widely used term.
- Seceders: reflecting their act of secession.
Antonyms:
- Adherents: those who follow or remain loyal.
- Mainstream Muslims: those aligning with majority beliefs and practices.
Related Terms and Definitions
- Caliph (Khalīfah): The leader of an Islamic state, regarded as a political and religious successor to Muhammad.
- Ṣiffīn: The site of a battle during the First Fitna, the Muslim civil war.
- Fitna: Arabic term for trials or civil strife, particularly in the context of early Islamic history.
Exciting Facts
- Despite their limited size, the K̲hawārij significantly impacted Islamic political theology and jurisprudence.
- The K̲hawārij laid the groundwork for the later development of radical and puritan groups in Islamic history.
Quotations from Notable Writers
“If the K̲hawārij encouraged anything through their uncompromising stance, it was the notion that justice in leadership should not bend even to the sake of unity.” — Dr. Alaa Murabit
Suggested Literature and Other Sources for Further Studies
- “Rebel and Saint: Muslim Notables, Populist Protest, Colonial Encounters (1798-1952)” by Julia Clancy-Smith.
- “Milestones” by Sayyid Qutb: Provides insight into radical Islamic thought that bears conceptual similarities with K̲hawārij doctrines.
- “The Venture of Islam” by Marshall G.S. Hodgson—comprehensive context on early Islamic history.
Farewell Note
Thank you for delving into the multifaceted history of the K̲hawārij. Their narrative reminds us that ideological struggles are central to the human experience. And just as diversity in thought enriched early Islamic history, may we embrace the lessons of difference and perseverance in our own.
Awaken your curiosity for history,
Amina Al-Fahad
October 3, 2023
