Definition and Meaning
Murtadd (مرتد), derived from the Arabic root ر-ت-د (r-t-d), means “to turn back”, specifically referring to one who has renounced Islam after having embraced it, characterized classically as “apostate.”
Etymology
The term evolves from the Arabic root ر-ت-د (radda), meaning “to turn back” or “revoke.” In this context, it characterizes individuals who have consciously withdrawn from their Islamic faith.
Background
In traditional Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh), the notion of Murtadd involves severe consequences including the death penalty or banishment. This ruling is derived from classical interpretations of the Hadith and Shari’ah. Certain actions linked to renouncing the faith have historically rendered a person as Murtadd:
- Public declaration of disbelief
- Conversion to another religion
Legal stances vary widely depending on the Islamic schools of thought (Madh’hab) and the evolving understandings in contemporary contexts. Historically, the subject of apostasy also intersected with socio-political factors and identity from the era of the early Islamic Caliphates.
Historical Facts and Dates
- 7th Century CE: The earliest formal discussions on the issue of Murtadd appear surrounding the apostasy wars (Ridda wars) post-prophet Muhammad’s demise.
- 13th Century CE: The works of influential jurists like Ibn Taymiyyah delve deeply into rules associated with apostasy.
Cultural Differences and Similarities
Differences arise in how various cultural contexts address Murtadd:
- Conservative View (Some regions in Middle East): Holds onto traditional jurisprudence advocating for harsh penalties.
- Modernist View (Globally): Emphasizes religious freedom, interpreting the Quranic verse (“There is no compulsion in religion” 2:256) as a cornerstone opposing coercion concerning faith.
Synonyms
- Riddah (ردة): often interchangeably used to denote apostasy.
Antonyms
- Mu’min (مؤمن): A believer or faithful person.
Related Terms
- Fitrah (فطرة): The inherent disposition towards Islam.
- Tawbah (توبة): Repentance, indicating the return to faith after apostasy.
Exciting Facts
- Classic theologians like Al-Ghazali addressed apostasy considering the broader ethical implications and community welfare.
- Modern scholars advocate for interpretations embedding contemporary human rights principles.
Notable Quotations
Ibn Taymiyyah - “Apostasy establishes a rebellious offense in its social and legal implications but is simultaneously a matter of personal faith.”
Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na’im - “Coercion’s absence in faith claims marks the true autonomy and sincerity of belief.”
Further Studies and Inspiration
Suggested Literature:
- “Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam” by Abdullah Saeed and Hassan Saeed.
- “The Islamic World: Past and Present” by John L. Esposito.
- “Islamic Ethics: Fundamental Aspects of Human Conduct” by George F. Hourani.
References:
- Esposito, John. “Murtadd”. Oxford Islamic Studies Online.
- Ibn Taymiyyah, “Al-Siyasah al-Shar’iyah”. Nu’man Khan, 2007.
Translation Variants
- Arabic: مرتد
- Urdu: مرتد
- Persian: مرتد
- Indonesian: Murtad
- Turkish: Mürted
- Bengali: মুরতাদ্দ
- Hindi/Urdu: مرتد/मुरतद्द
Omar Al-Rashid
- Published on 2023-10-09
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