Sinan, Rashid al-Din (d. 1193) was a medieval Nizari Ismaili missionary and leader who played a crucial role in the regional politics of Syria. He is often remembered and referred to as the original “Old Man of the Mountain” by the Crusaders. His prowess as both an organizer and a diplomat solidified his legacy in Islamic history.
Etymology and Meanings
“Sinan” comes from the Arabic word سِنَان (sinān), meaning “spearhead” or “pointed” — fitting for a strategic leader. “Rashid al-Din,” meaning “Rightly Guided of the Faith,” signifies his esteemed position within the Ismaili community.
Background and Historical Context
Born in Basra, Iraq, Sinan migrated to Syria and took a leading role in re-organizing the Nizari Ismaili community. Known for his strategic and often elusive alliances, Sinan deftly navigated relationships with Salah al-Din (Saladin), the Crusaders, and other regional powers. His goal was always to safeguard the independence and security of the Nizari community.
Noteworthy Achievements and Historical Facts
Sinan’s tenure as leader of the Syrian Nizaris spanned approximately three decades (1160s to 1193). During his leadership:
- He fortified the mountain strongholds, including the famous fortress of Masyaf.
- Entered into various tactical alliances, even temporary truces with Kings of Jerusalem during the Crusades.
- The West came to know him and his followers as the “Assassins,” partly due to their unique, secretive practices and the sensational tales that the Crusaders took back with them.
Cultural Differences and Similarities
- The Western portrayals vs. Nizari accounts: In Western narratives, Sinan and his followers were often sensationalized as dangerous, mystical Assassins, while Nizari texts emphasize his commitment to faith, community organization, and leadership.
Synonyms and Antonyms
- Synonyms: “Old Man of the Mountain,” Nizari Missionary Leader
- Antonyms: Oppressor, Subjugator
Related Terms and Notes
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Nizari Ismaili: A branch of Ismaili Shi’ism which recognizes a line of Imams descended from Ismail ibn Jafar and follows the Fatimid caliphate’s teachings.
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Masyaf: A fortress where Sinan made his base and from which he orchestrated his community’s defense and negotiations.
Translation
As “Old Man of the Mountain”:
- Arabic (shakhṣ al-jabal - شخص الجبل)
- Persian (Pīr-e Kūh - پير کوه)
- Urdu (بوڑھا آدمی پہاڑ کا)
Exciting Facts
- Sinan is thought to have written several letters that offered insight into his strategies and views. While his supposed first-hand accounts might be apocryphal, they are a substantial source of fascination and study.
- Despite the sensationalism around the “Assassins,” historical records largely agree that Sinan and his followers were disciplined and sought intellectual pursuits, such as debates and scholastic endeavors.
Inspirational Quotations
“The tongue of the people may fabricate lies, but the clenched fist of truth shall scatter them.” — Rashid al-Din Sinan
Suggested Literature and Further Reading
- “The Assassin Legends: Myths of the Isma’ilis” by Farhad Daftary
- “The Secret Order of Assassins: The Struggle of the Early Nizari Isma’ilis Against the Islamic World” by Marshall G. S. Hodgson
- “The Ismailis: Their History and Doctrines” by Farhad Daftary
- “The History of the Nizari Ismaili State of Alamut” by Bernard Lewis
Quizzes
May your knowledge of history and the interplay of faith and politics inspire you to think deeply about the complexities of our shared past.
— Faris Al-Rashid - October 5, 2023
