Ruhollah al-Musavi Khomeini: Architect of Revolution
Comprehensive Definition:
Ruhollah al-Musavi Khomeini (1902-1989) was an influential Iranian Shii cleric who orchestrated the Islamic Revolution in Iran and founded the Islamic Republic of Iran. Known for his vehement opposition to Western ideologies and the secular policies of the Shah of Iran, Khomeini became a symbol of resistance and spiritual leadership. His formulation of the doctrine of vilayat-i faqih (rule of the jurist) redesigned Iran’s political landscape, embedding clerical authority at the core of governance.
Etymology and Background:
The name “Ruhollah” translates to “Spirit of God,” a notable and meaningful choice reflecting deep religious significance. “al-Musavi” indicates descent from the lineage of Musa al-Kadhim, the seventh Imam according to Shii Islam. Born into a religious family in Khomein, Iran, Khomeini’s clerical education in Qom and subsequent rise to prominence were marked by his intellectual prowess and charismatic leadership.
Historical Facts and Dates:
- 1964: Exiled by the Shah for openly criticizing the regime.
- 1978-79: Played a pivotal role through propaganda and strategic guidance from abroad, leading to the Shah’s downfall.
- 1979: Returned triumphantly to Iran, establishing the Islamic Republic and becoming its Supreme Leader.
- 1980-88: Directed Iran during the Iran-Iraq war.
- 1989: Died, leaving a meticulously structured yet authoritarian theocratic state.
Cultural Differences and Similarities:
Khomeini’s ideas resonated profoundly within the Shii context but faced varied receptions in the broader Sunni world. Comparatively, his philosophy emphasized religious governance over secular, democratic principles widespread in the Western world.
Synonyms and Antonyms:
- Synonyms: Supreme Leader, Ayatollah
- Antonyms: Shah, Monarch, Secularist
Related Terms:
- Vilayat-i Faqih: Islamic government theory advocating clerical rule.
- Fatwa: Religious rulings or edicts issued by Islamic clerics.
- Hawza: Seminars for intensive religious study and training.
Exciting Facts:
- Khomeini’s speeches and messages were widely disseminated via smuggled audiotapes, maximally influencing public opinion.
- Despite being a devout cleric, Khomeini employed modern communication methods to mobilize support.
Quotations from Notable Writers:
“… Khomeini’s notion of an ‘Islamic government’ was revolutionary, melding eschatological hopes with realpolitik.” โ Bernard Lewis, Historian.
References and Further Reading:
- Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic by Ervand Abrahamian
- The Spirit of Allah: Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution by Amir Taheri
- The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran by Roy Mottahedeh
Inspirational Farewell:
In reflecting on the life and legacy of Khomeini, we find a monumental depiction of relentless ideology channeled through action, showcasing how spiritual beliefs can reshape political landscapes.
