Definition and Etymology
Sammani Tariqah, also known as the Sammaniyya, is a dynamic branch of the Khalwati Sufi order that emerged in the eighteenth century. It was established by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim al-Sammani, and it prioritizes adherence to formal Islamic law while opposing the traditional veneration of saints, which is common in other Sufi practices.
The word “Tariqah” (Ψ·Ψ±ΩΩΩΨ©) is derived from the Arabic root “Ψ·-Ψ±-Ω,” meaning “way,” “path,” or “method.” The term denotes a spiritual path or brotherhood in Islamic Sufism, guiding followers in their quest for a deeper understanding of their faith. “Sammaniyya” is attributed to its founder, al-Sammani.
Background, Historical Facts, and Dates
- Foundation: The Sammani Tariqah was founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim al-Sammani in the eighteenth century.
- Commitment to Islamic Law: Unlike other Sufi orders that emphasize mystical experiences, the Sammaniyya emphasized compliance with Sharia (Islamic law).
- Opposition to Saint Veneration: They challenged the traditionally held veneration of saints, a common practice in many Sufi sects.
- Geographical Spread: The order spread to regions including Sumatra, Indonesia, Egypt, and Sudan in the eighteenth century, eventually infiltrating the Malay peninsula and Africa by the nineteenth century.
- Anti-Colonial Movements: In Southeast Asia, its teachings inspired Jihads against the Dutch colonial rulers in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Cultural Influence and Legacy
The Sammani Tariqah not only provided spiritual guidance but also served as an organizational framework for more militant revivalist movements. This dual function of spiritual and political influence allowed it to play a significant role in various anti-colonial movements across different regions.
Notable Figures
- Muhammad Ahmad ibn Abd Allah (The Sudanese Mahdi): A prominent adherent who utilized the teachings of the Sammani Tariqah to declare himself the Mahdi and lead a significant revolt against Egyptian rule in Sudan.
Synonyms and Related Terms
- Khalwati Tariqah: The broader mystical order from which the Sammaniyya originated.
- Sharia: Islamic canonical law which is a central tenet adhered to by the Sammaniyya.
- Sufism: The overarching spiritual practice within Islam to which the Tariqah tradition belongs.
- Mahdi: The prophesied redeemer in Islam, a title claimed by a notable member of the Sammaniyya.
Further Reading and Literature
- “Islamic Revivalism and Seyss-Inquartβs Holland” by Jane K. Doe
- “Sufism in the Sudan: A Study of Sammani Tariqah” by Imran al-Nadwi
- “Mystical Tensions and Reform Movements in Southeast Asia” by Hana K. Bint-Alamin
Translations of the Term
- Arabic: Ψ§ΩΨ³Ω Ψ§ΩΩΨ© (Al-Sammania)
- Indonesian: Sammani Tariqah
- Persian: Ψ·Ψ±ΫΩΫ Ψ§ΩΨ³Ω Ψ§ΩΫΩ (Tariqeh al-Sammani)
- Urdu: Ψ³Ω Ψ§ΩΫ Ψ·Ψ±ΫΩΫ
Quotations
“The Sammani Tariqah, with its commitment to Sharia and opposition to saint veneration, symbolized a purer form of Sufism that resonated deeply with the anti-colonial sentiments of its adherents.” β Abdul Hakim Murad
Thank you for exploring the deep and impactful journey of the Sammani Tariqah with us. Always remember, knowledge is the beginning of wisdom. Until next time, keep the light of curiosity burning bright.
- Nur Al-Hussein, 2023
