Definition and Meaning
The Shattari Tariqah (Arabic: الطريقة الشطارية) is a significant Sufi order that found its roots in 15th century India and later spread to Indonesia. Founded by Abdullah Shattari, this tariqah is known for its unique blend of Islamic teachings with local cultural elements, particularly those from Hindu traditions and yogic practices.
Etymology and Background
The term “Shattari” is derived from its founder’s name, Abdullah Shattari. The word “tariqah” (طَريقَة) translates to “path” or “way” in Arabic, signifying a spiritual path to God in the context of Sufi orders.
Historical Development
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Foundation: Abdullah Shattari (d. 1485) established the Shattari Tariqah in the 15th century. He was closely associated with the Timurid sultans and provided them with spiritual counsel. His teachings emphasized speed (sura’) and mastery of spiritual states.
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15th to 16th Century: The Shattari order’s practices began incorporating elements from Indian traditions, especially yogic disciplines. Its leaders encouraged using Sanskrit and Hindi in dhikr (remembrance of God), meditation exercises, and the composition of devotional songs in local vernacular languages.
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Settlement in Indonesia: The Shattari Tariqah made its way to Indonesia with the traders and mystics, blending with local customs and enriching the archipelago’s spiritual landscape.
Cultural Integration and Practices
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Use of Local Languages: Shattari disciples employed Sanskrit and Hindi formulas in their spiritual practices, making the teachings more accessible to the local populace.
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Meditative Practices: Key aspects of Hindu yogic practices, such as specific postures (asanas) and breath control techniques (pranayama), were integrated into Sufi meditation exercises, emphasizing physical and spiritual harmony.
Synonyms and Related Terms
- Synonyms: Shattariyyah
- Related Terms:
- Tariqah: Spiritual path or way in Sufism.
- Dhikr: Remembrance of God through repeated recitations.
- Yogasanas: Physical postures in yoga for meditation.
- Sura’: Speed, especially in the context of spiritual progress.
Cultural Differences and Similarities
- Cultural Adaptation: The Shattari Tariqah stands out for its unique approach to incorporating Hindu yogic philosophies and practices with traditional Islamic mysticism, creating a syncretic spiritual tradition.
- Similarity with Hindu Movements: The amalgamation of Sufi practices with yogic disciplines underscores a mutual respect and convergence shared by practitioners of different faiths in medieval India.
- Integration in Indonesia: The order’s expansion into Indonesia illustrates how Sufism adapted to local traditions, contributing to the multicultural spiritual identity of Southeast Asian Islam.
Antonyms
- Orthodox Islam: This term commonly refers to practices and interpretations of Islam that strictly adhere to traditional texts and discourage syncretic or innovative practices.
Exciting Facts
- Timurid Connection: Abdullah Shattari’s close relationship with the Timurid rulers facilitated the spread and legitimacy of his spiritual teachings.
- Yoga Influence: The introduction of yogic practices by the Shattari order is one of the earliest recorded instances of cross-cultural integration in medieval spirituality.
- Ancient Lyrics: Shattari leaders composed devotional songs, praised not only in Islamic circles but also enriched the cultural heritage of Indian and Indonesian arts.
Quotations
- Notable Scholar on Sufism, Annemarie Schimmel: “The Shattari Tariqah exemplifies the profound capacity of Sufism to synthesize diverse cultural elements into a cohesive spiritual tradition.”
Suggested Literature and Further Studies
- Islamic Mysticism in India: The Shattari Sufis by Carl W. Ernst
- Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India by Richard M. Eaton
- Sufism and Surfi Orders in Indonesia by Azyumardi Azra
- A Symbolist Approach to the Shattari and Qadiri Sufi Orders in India and Indonesia by R.M. Mukerjee
Inspirational Farewell
As you explore the rich tapestry of the Shattari Tariqah, remember that the spirit of unity and reverence transcends borders and beliefs. May your journey through this mystical path inspire and enlighten you, connecting you to the divine in varied and profound ways.
Zara Ali
