Ulama: Shii πβ¨
Definition and Meaning
“Ulama” (ΨΉΩΩΩ Ψ§Ψ‘) in the context of Shii Islam refers to the professional, though unofficial, clergy responsible for interpreting Sharia (Islamic law) and providing religious guidance to the community. The Shii Ulama play a significant and unique role within their sect, especially in relation to their concept of ijtihad (independent reasoning), social welfare, and political activism.
Etymology & Background
The term “Ulama” is derived from the Arabic root “ΨΉΩΩ ” (ΚΏilm), meaning “knowledge.” It signifies scholars who possess deep understanding and expertise in religious matters. Within Shii Islam, this scholarly group has historically been seen as representatives or deputies of the Hidden Imam, lending them considerable influence and authority within the community.
Historical Context
- Iran and Qom: The city of Qom in Iran stands out as a bastion of Shii religious education, where many Ulama are trained.
- European Imperial Era (19th century): Ulama became pivotal in Iranian society, voicing opposition against foreign interventions, concessions, and the policies of the Qajar dynasty.
- The Iranian Revolution (1979): The influence of the Ulama peaked with the ascendance of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, who posited that clerics should govern to ensure the implementation of Islamic lawβa concept institutionalized in the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Cultural Differences & Similarities
While Sunni and Shii Ulama share the fundamental objective of interpreting and teaching Islamic principles, Shii Ulama are uniquely seen as the direct agents of the Hidden Imam, giving them a special role in both religious and political domains.
Synonyms & Antonyms
- Synonyms: Scholars, Jurists, Clergy, Theologians.
- Antonyms: Laypeople, Secular Authorities.
Related Terms with Definitions
- Ijtihad: Independent reasoning by qualified scholars to interpret Islamic law.
- Fatwa: Legal opinion given by a qualified jurist.
- Hidden Imam: The last Imam in Shii tradition, currently in occultation.
- Marja’: A title for the highest scholars and juridical authorities in Shii Islam.
Exciting Facts
- Religious and Political Power: The centralization of power among the Shii Ulama post-Iranian Revolution is unprecedented in Islamic history, merging religious authority with state governance.
- Varied Opposition: Historically, Shii Ulama were often at the forefront of social and political opposition against unjust rulers, manifesting significant societal influence.
Quotations from Notable Writers
“The Ulama are the inheritors of the prophets.”
- Prophet Muhammad (as interpreted by various Islamic scholars)
“The revival of religion and its preservation from innovation is the finest task carried out by the Ulama.”
- Ayatollah Khomeini
References and Suggested Literature
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Books:
- “Shii Islam and Politics in the Middle East” by Laurence Louer
- “The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change” by Muhammad Qasim Zaman
- “On the Sociology of Islam” by Ali Shariati
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Articles and Theses:
- “Role of Ulama in Iranian Society” in Middle East Studies Review
- “Comparative Study between Sunni and Shii Ulama” in Journal of Islamic Studies
Hassan Ali October 21, 2023
In the unity of knowledge and faith, let us illuminate the path with wisdom and piety.
