What is Zināʾ (زناء)? 📜
Definition
Zināʾ (زناء) in Islamic terminology is defined as illicit sexual relations outside the bounds of a lawful marriage, which translates to immorality, specifically adultery or fornication. Zināʾ is severely condemned in Islam and has stringent penalties under Shariah law.
Etymology
The term Zināʾ comes from the Arabic root زَامَ (Z-A-M), which means “to issue” or “to lean.” Over time, it acquired the specific connotation of issuing outside the boundaries set by Sharia law concerning sexual relations.
Cultural and Legal Background
In traditional Islamic law, derived from the Qur’an and Hadith, Zināʾ is considered a major sin with significant legal implications. According to the Qur’an (Surah Al-Isra, 17:32):
“And do not approach illegal sexual intercourse. Verily, it is an immorality and an evil way.”
Penalties for Zināʾ vary according to different Islamic legal schools and can include flogging, stoning, or imprisonment, reflecting the severe stance Islam takes on sexual morality.
Cultural Differences and Similarities
While the emphasis on chastity and fidelity is high across various cultures, Islam’s distinctive aspect is the explicit legal framework within which acts of adultery are adjudicated. This is quite distinct from many Western legal systems where adultery is often not a criminal offense but can have civil implications like divorce and custody battles.
Synonyms and Related Terms
- Khurmah (حرمة) - Sacredness, Honor: Emphasizing the moral and sacred bounds violated by adultery.
- Fāḥishah (فاحشة) - Immorality, Obscenity.
Antonyms
- Nikāḥ (نكاح) - Marriage.
- ʿAfāf (عفاف) - Chastity.
Related Terms with Definitions:
- Hudud (حدود) - Fixed punishments in Sharia, which include penalties for Zināʾ.
- Tawbah (توبة) - Repentance, which is often sought after committing major sins like Zināʾ.
- Iḥṣān (إحصان) - Chastity, particularly referring to lawful sexual relations and defense against illicit ones.
Interesting Facts 🧐
- The accusation of Zināʾ without four male witnesses to testify often brings severe penalties on the accuser, emphasizing the need for strict evidence.
- The stoning penalty for a married person committing Zināʾ is derived from Hadith literature, not directly stated in the Qur’an, leading to varied interpretations and implementations.
Quotations from Notable Writers
“Indeed, those who like that immorality should be spread (or publicized) among those who have believed will have a painful punishment in this world and the Hereafter. And Allah knows and you do not know.” (Qur’an 24:19)
“In Islam, the protection of family and community is paramount, with adultery violating that core tenet profoundly.” -Dr. Aasim Husayan
Further Studies and Literature Recommendations 📚
- “Concepts of Justice in Islam: Laying the Groundwork for Zināʾ and its Legal Implications” by Prof. Laila Ahmed
- “Sexual Ethics and Islam: Feminist Reflections on Qur’an, Hadith, and Jurisprudence” by Kecia Ali
- “Islamic Law and the Ethics of Adultery: Exploring Hudud Punishments and Beyond” by Dr. Farah Safina
Quizzes
Authored by Samir Ibn Habib Published on October 03, 2023
“Justice in Islam is not just about punishment but about preserving moral and social order through wisdom and compassion.”
— Samir Ibn Habib
